The Jewish historian Flavius Josephus has been highly influential, and is the main historical source for the destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans; a matter of interest to Christians.
Part of his work "The Jewish War" is incorporated into the Peshitta deuterocanon in some important manuscripts.
By way of several major reworkings, Josephus's "Jewish War" and "Antiquities of the Jews" came to be included in modified form in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church canon as the "Zena Ayhud".
The page provides access to the following texts:
A semi-canonical text of the EOTC canon.
Previous Book: Malachi (EOTC canon) Final Book (EOTC canon)
Previous Book: Sirach (alternate-order EOTC canon) See the EOTC deuterocanon
| Version | Modern or critical edition | Selected manuscript/s |
|---|---|---|
![]() Zena Ayhud - in Ge'ez (Not included in the Beta Israel canons. Qes Abba Yitshak explicitly excludes this text from his canon lists.) | መጽሐፈ ፡ ዜና ፡ አይሁድ ። :
critical edition by Murad Kamil (not available online.) analysis with significant quotations by Yonatan Binyam. (doc. p. 254 for quotations.) |
Manuscripts included in Kamil's edition: Kamil's base text: d'Abbadie 38 (16th c.); BL Or. 822 (17th c.); Berlin Petermann II Nachtrag 57 (17th c.) BL Or. 823 (18th c.); BL Or. 824 (18th c.). Additional manuscripts identified by Binyam: EMML 4773 (17th c.); EMIP 1107/EMML 6240 (18th c.); EMML 7961 (18th c.); EMIP 1296/EMML 21 [p: 173] (20th c.); EMML 258 (20th c.); EMML 7404 (20th c.). |
Zena Ayhud is a fairly direct translation of the Christian Arabic work "Kitāb akhbār al-yahūd," (see Binyam, esp. pp. 58-60) which is itself a reworking of the Hebrew "Sefer Yosippon":
| Version | Modern or critical edition | Selected manuscript/s |
|---|---|---|
![]() Sefer Yosippon - in Hebrew Major source for recensions: Saskia Dönitz, "The Hebrew Manuscripts of Sefer Yosippon" | Recension Aספר יוסיפוןמקור: דוד פלוסר (full text is not available at this link) Flusser's main text mostly presents an Ashkenazi Recension A text, although he adds ch.3-6 from Recension B as found in ms. Bod.Heb.d.11. See further: Saskia Dönitz's comparison for ch. 89 of the Core and Ashkenazic versions of Recension A מקור: Saskia Dönitz, "The Hebrew Manuscripts of Sefer Yosippon"; the Toldot Yeshu material in the Rothschild Miscellany מקור: Israël Lévi, "Jésus, Caligula et Claude..."; the Susanna material in the Rothschild Miscellany. Description of Recension A Subtypes:"Core Recension A" consists of:Flusser's SY ch.1-3, 6.181-89, and, in the case of the Codices Orientalis, part of the Alexander Romance, "Interpolation A" (see Flusser's appendix). Ch. 9, 60, and 89 differ from Flusser's text. "Ashkenazi Recension A" consists of: Flusser's SY ch. 1-3, an interpolation on Darius, and SY ch. 7.10-89. The Rothschild Miscellany (an "Ashkenazi Recension A" manuscript) adds: the Cleopatra interpolation ch.4 (Flusser's addition "3"), the Toldot Yeshu and Susanna material in ch.57-58 (Flusser's addition "5"), and a postscript on survivors of the Jewish-Roman war. The "Core Recension A" became the basis for Recensions B and C, and a similar recension underlies the Zena Ayhud as well. |
Core "Recension A" Manuscripts:Codex Italicus (the "earliest text", late 10th-early 11th c.):T-S 10K16.16 (ch. 23-24); T-S NS 254.91 (ch. 23-24); Bodleian Heb. d. 64/35 f. 120r, f. 120v (ch. 26-27); T-S 10K16.10 (ch. 36-38); T-S 10K16.15 (ch. 45-46); T-S NS 175.75 (ch. 48); T-S AS 213.32 and 213.34 (ch. 49-50); T-S 10K16.17 (ch. 50-51); Lewis-Gibson Glass 7 (ch. 54-56); T-S 10K16.18 (ch. 74-75); Paris, AIU, VII.A.8 (ch. 76); T-S 10K16.18, 10K16.11, 10K16.14, 10K16.19 (ch. 77, 79-81); T-S 10K16.11 and 10K16.12 (ch. 85-86, 89). (all listed fragments can be viewed on the Friedberg Genizah Project website) The following fragments cannot be viewed: St. Petersburg, Russian National Library, Yevr. III B 917 (ch. 49-51), Yevr. III B 916 (ch. 84-85) Codex Orientalis I (12th c.): Bodleian Heb. d. 64/35 f. 118v, f. 119r, f. 119v (ch. 1,9); T-S 10K16.3, 10K16.4, 10K16.5 (ch. 1-2, 3/6, 10); Geneva fragment 34 (interpolation A: Alexander Romance). (all fragments can be viewed on the Friedberg Genizah Project website) Codex Orientalis II (12th c.): Or.1080 A45.1 (ch. 3/6); T-S 10K16.20 (ch. 7-9); T-S C2.206 (ch. 9). (fragments can also be viewed on the Friedberg Genizah Project website) Codex Orientalis III (12th c.): T-S 10K16.6, 10K16.7, 10K16.8, 10K16.9, 10K16.1, 10K16.2 (ch. 38–41, 43–46). (all listed fragments can be viewed on the Friedberg Genizah Project website) The following fragment cannot be viewed: St. Petersburg, Russian National Library, Yevr. III B 283 (ch. 49-50) "Ashkenazic Recension A" ManuscriptsBasis for Flusser's edition: Ms. Heb. 28°4120 (1282 CE); |
Recension Bספר בן גוריוןמקור: Mantua, 1475 print edition. The Mantua printing represents the "short version" of Recension B. Description of Recension B Subtypes:All "Recension B" sources consist of Flusser's SY ch.1-89, but without ch. 60.58–143.The "short version" consists of: an abbreviated text overall, the Alexander Romance interpolations A and B (see Flusser's appendix), and a postscript on survivors of the Jewish-Roman war. The "long version" consists of: an unabbreviated text, Alexander Romance "interpolation A," and Cleopatra and Toldot Yeshu interpolations. | "Recension B, short version" manuscripts
Bodleian ms. Huntington 345 (Neubauer 793, ff. 218v–245v) (1462 CE). | |
Recension Cיוסיפוןמקור: Venice, 1544 print edition. יוסיפון מקור: Constantinople, 1510 print edition (incomplete). ספר יוסיפון מקור: ויקיטקסט The two Wikitext editions, one based on print editions and the other based on manuscripts, seem to mostly reflect Recension C. Description of Recension C:Recension C consists of Flusser's SY ch. 1-89, plus all interpolations except the Toldot Yeshu and Susanna material. A trunkated reference to Yeshu appears instead.Recension C has been the most popular version of Josippon since the 16th century. |
"Recension C" manuscripts
BNF Hébreu 1280 (1472 CE); |
The Sefer Yosippon's main sources (see Steven Bowman, "Yosippon as an Innovative and Creative Genius") are:
the Hebrew bible, the Latin Vulgate bible (especially the Latin 1 Maccabees and 2 Maccabees),
and, most significantly, two works that were at the time attributed to Josephus:
| Version | Modern or critical edition | Selected manuscript/s |
|---|---|---|
![]() Antiquitates Iudaicae The Latin translation of the Greek original - in Latin | antiquitates iudaicae (presented alongside Greek.) fons: The Latin Josephus Project |
Staatsbibliothek Bamberg Msc.Class.78 (Blatt ms. 113) (9th c.) Polona Library: Rps BOZ 1 (1466), Codex Gigas (within a non-biblical section of the ms.), A manuscript containing only AJ books 1-16 followed by DEH, thus a possible source for Josippon: Laurenziana Plut.66.1 (11th c.) |
![]() Antiquities of the Jews by Flavius Josephus - in Greek | Ἰουδαϊκὴ ἀρχαιολογία πηγή: biblical.ie: Niese's edition of Josephus See also: the same text alongside the Latin |
Laurenziana Plut.69.10, Grec 1419 (Antiquities 1-10), Ms. Vat.gr.984 (Antiquities 11-20). See also: List of manuscripts from UPenn. |
| Version | Modern or critical edition | Selected manuscript/s |
|---|---|---|
![]() De Excidio Hierosolymitano "On the Destruction of Jerusalem," also known as "Pseudo-Hegesippus" - in Latin | de excidio hierosolymitano fons: Weber |
Vatican ms. Pal.lat.170 A manuscript containing AJ books 1-16 followed by DEH, thus a possible source for Josippon: Laurenziana Plut.66.1 (11th c.) |
The De Excidio Hierosolymitano is a Christian ideological reworking of Josephus's "The Jewish War":
Book VI of this work is included in the Peshitta deuterocanon.
| Version | Modern or critical edition | Selected manuscript/s |
|---|---|---|
![]() Peshitta "Discourse on the Latter Destruction of Jerusalem" or "5 Maccabees", which consists of a faithful translation of Flavius Josephus' "The Jewish War", book 6. - in Syriac Aramaic | ܡܐܡܪܐ ܕܥܠ ܚܘܪܒܗ ܐܚܪܝܐ ܕܐܘܪܫܠܡ ܡܒܘܥܐ: Ceriani, Monumenta Sacra Et Profana, Tom. V |
Codex Ambrosianus, 8g1= Deir el-Surian Ms. 9A (Brock/Van Rombay) / Ms. 27a (Kamil) (not digitised) |
| Version | Modern or critical edition | Selected manuscript/s |
|---|---|---|
![]() The Jewish War by Flavius Josephus - in Greek | Ἱστορία Ἰουδαϊκοῦ πολέμου πρὸς Ῥωμαίους πηγή: Niese's edition on Brill |
Vienna fragment P.Vindob. G 29810 (3rd c.); Vatican ms. Urb.gr.84 (11th c.); Vatican ms. Pal.gr.284 (11th c.); BNF Grec 1425 (11th c.); Munich BSB Cod.graec. 639 (11th c.); Biblioteca Ambrosiana D50 sup. (11th c.); BML Plut.69.19 (11th c.); BML Plut.69.17 (12th c.) |
| Version | Modern or critical edition | Selected manuscript/s |
|---|---|---|
![]() Bellum Judaicum the Latin translation of the Greek original - in Latin | bellum judaicum fons: The Latin Josephus Project |
Codex Gigas (within a non-biblical section of the ms.) |
The book of 4 Maccabees was historically often falsely attributed to Josephus.
Peshitta Bibles in particular sometimes include this attribution, for example in BNF Syriac 11 and in the Buchannan Bible.
The Jewish Antiquities and Josippon draw heavily on the entire Jewish Bible and on the Books of Maccabees.